This article compares the three initial safety nets spanned by the European Union in response to the Covid-19 crisis: SURE, the Pandemic Crisis Support, and the European Guarantee Fund. It compares their design regarding scope, generosity, target groups, implementation, the types of solidarity...

The European Stability Mechanism (ESM) has been instrumental in safeguarding the financial stability of the Euro area and its Member States. This article looks at the tumultuous process of reforming the ESM. It analyzes the main changes brought about by the draft revised ESM Treaty. These...