The large deviation of the actual return of a Leveraged Exchange-Traded Fund (LETF) from the leveraged multiple of the underlying index return has drawn considerable attention from investors, regulators, and the financial media. Despite this attention, the sources and fundamental determinants of...

Using the longest history of a U.S. equity market index, this paper simulates the return deviation and multiple deviation for Leveraged Exchange-Traded Products (LETPs) with different rebalancing frequencies, including daily, monthly, annually, and every five years, over various holding periods....

This article examines the tracking performance of the United States-listed Guggenheim China Real Estate Exchange-Traded Fund (NYSE ticker: TAO) relative to its underlying benchmark index (Alphashare China Real Estate Index, ACNRET) and the actual China Home Price Index (CHPI). The daily return...

The large deviation of the actual return of a leveraged exchange-traded fund (LETF) from the leveraged multiple of the underlying index return has drawn considerable attention from investors, regulators, and the financial media. Despite this attention, the sources and fundamental determinants of...

This study examines the tracking performance of U.S.-traded International Leveraged Exchanged-traded Funds (ILETFs) that track the following markets: Brazil, China, Europe, Japan, and Mexico. We find that the beta and returns of these ILETFs can deviate dramatically from their naïve expected...