To value shares there are two usual methods that, if properly applied, provide the same value: 1/ Present value of expected free cash flows (FCF) discounted with the WACC rate and then, subtract the value of debt; and 2/ Present value of expected equity cash flows (ECF) discounted with the Ke...

This paper presents a real valuation performed by a well-known investment bank, with two common errors and with two very different values for the equity of a firm:a) €6,9 million calculating the Present Value of expected free cash flows (FCF) discounted with the WACC rate and then, subtracting...

Oil and gas exploration companies (E&Ps) exhibit large variations in earnings due to volatile oil and gas prices. Furthermore, their primary asset, oil and gas reserves, is accumulated through highly risky exploration activities. In contrast, integrated oil and gas companies display lower...

The subject of the article is the presentation of an unconventional method of establishing the value of the company together with investment ventures basing on the concept of real options (Real Option Valuation ROV). The option calculation can be applied in many areas, such as: evaluation of...

In this article we use a real life case from an emerging country to illustrate the valuation with discounted cash flow methods that include complexities such as unpaid taxes, losses carried forward, foreign exchange debt, presumptive income and inflation adjustments to the Financial Statements....

This paper presents a formal derivation of general expressions for Ke and WACC in perpetuities with constant growth, which do not make any assumption on what the proper discount rate is to be applied to the firm's tax shield, and are complemented with numerical examples of its application....

The discount rate is one of the most critical variables in every equity valuation. Against this background it is surprising that so far there is no generally accepted definition of this term. Literature provides quite different definitions: expected returns, conditionally expected returns or...

The document starts with 100 questions that students, alumni and other persons (judges, arbitrageurs, clients…) have posed to me over the past years. They were recompiled so as to help the reader remember, clarify and, in some cases, discuss some useful concepts in finance. Most of the...

On April 16, 2012 the Argentine Federal Government decreed the intervention of YPF. Its share price declined 29% the day after. Two weeks later the Argentinean Parliament approved the expropriation of 51% of the YPF shares owned by Repsol. We prepared a month ago the case “Valuation of an...

Interest rates have a considerable bearing on share prices. Any investor's experience shows that, in general, when interest rates fall significantly, share prices rise, and vice-versa. We begin by observing the evolution of interest rates in the last 22 years in the United States. We also look...