This paper discusses issues related to the sequencing of the reforms that are necessary to transform the economies in Eastern Europe into market economies. It is first argued that the transition path of these economies will be smoother and less costly if a clear statement of the ultimate goals...

This paper discusses major fiscal issues faced by the previously centrally planned economies in their transition to market economies. It focuses on three main topics: (a) the extent to which the budget deficit should be a guide to policy; (b) the reforms that must be carried out in tax...

The sheer size of mandated trade among members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), and its composition and quality, means that its reorientation toward other markets entails a whole complex of structural adjustment policies. To be successful, policy reform must be...

This note addresses various types of incentives that must be established before a market economy can function effectively. It also argues that the enormous challenge of restructuring large industrial enterprises or reabsorbing their workers, while appropriately based on market signals, cannot be...

The objectives and functions of payments systems in centrally planned economies are described and analyzed. These are compared to those of payments systems in market economies and to the characteristics of an ideal payments system. The dominant role of the state in the centrally planned...

The contributions in this volume on social care and welfare, disadvanged groups or individuals are intended to be useful in the Eastern European social context to those who experienced or study the communist rule. The transition in Eastern societies is fast-paced, sometimes people oppose it or...

Aufstrebende Kapitalmärkte (Emerging Capital Markets) erhalten seit der Jahrtausendwende wieder zunehmende Kapitalzuflüsse von internationalen Portfolioinvestoren. Für diese Entwicklung können zwei Hauptgründe angeführt werden. Zum einen sind aufstrebende Kapitalmärkte auf Grund ihres...