The aim of this paper is to examine the economic policy response to the COVID-19 crisis in Poland. The paper investigates the rationale for the economic policy tools implemented, their costs, and potential consequences for the Polish economy. The analysis concentrates on the initial phase of the...

Since the mid-1980s, multinational firms and their global value chains (GVCs) have become increasingly important for the world economy. Not surprisingly, the pandemic has fuelled a debate among academics and policy makers on the relationship between COVID-19 and GVCs, and particularly on whether...

This paper evaluates the temporary VAT reduction introduced by the German government over the third and fourth quarter of 2020 as most controversial part of the COVID-19 stimulus package. Critics argue that VAT reductions are ineffective because of limited pass-through of temporary measures to...

Digitalization is a complex phenomenon, affecting Europe in several manners. This brief comments on the link between digitalization and first results in vaccination programs against the Covid-19 pandemic across EU27+UK. In several cases, it has been noted that without digitalization, the...

The residential real estate market has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, which broke out at a time when the cycle of this market was in a mature phase. Activity fell off sharply in the early months of the health crisis, owing to the effect of the restrictions adopted. It has since seen a...