The university career systems of five hegemonic European and American countries are ideal-typically described, contrasted and visualized using official academic staff statistics – the German habilitation-model, the French habilitation-and-tenure model, the British tenure-model, the tenure...

Despite decades of gender-balanced recruitment and clear-cut criteria for promotion based on meritocracy, women in public accounting firms remain proportionally fewer in number in the highest levels of the hierarchy than men. This paper aims to explore the mechanisms fostering women’s rarity...