We offer a formal account of the English past tenses. We see the perfect as having reference time at speech time and the preterite as having reference time at event time. We formalize four constraints on reference time, which we bundle together under the term ‘perspective’. Once these...

With data from all the leading international investment banks on 220 IPOs raising $160bn, we test the determinants of IPO allocations. We compare investors’ IPO allocations with proxies for their information production during the bookbuilding and the broking (and other) revenues those...

Using detailed information from a large sample of investment banks we test the determinants of IPO allocations. This research draws on data gathered by the UK Financial Conduct Authority, and covers 220 IPOs managed from the UK raising around $160bn. Detailed information on book-building is...

This Paper uses evidence from a dataset of 27 European IPOs to analyse how investors bid and the factors that influence their allocations. We have the complete books for these deals – amounting to 5540 bids – and so can analyse directly how bids and allocations are related. All these deals...