This paper gives an overview of the tech-economic opportunities and obstacles of relevance to the successful scale-up of biomass conversion processes. We put forward a project model and present capital and manufacturing cost data for the production of ethanol that is called SEED process as...

Air preheater is one of key elements in today’s energy-saving technology. Its performance deeply depends on the underlying configuration for heat transfer. In this paper, the pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of a high-efficiency plate-fin structure used in an air preheater are...