monetary policy news shock based on a VAR model. A monetary news shock is equivalent to new information about the Fed's future … monetary policy becoming available today. One example of a monetary news shock is a forward guidance announcement, where the … shocks. We estimate the response of the euro area to an expected future policy tightening of the Fed. The U.S. news shock …

the initial shock; and (iii) asset purchase policies and long-term refinancing operations can both be successful in …