-born children of immigrants were asked to take Woodcock-Johnson achievement test. In both rounds, prior to the administration of … tests, children of Hispanic origin were randomly assigned to take the tests either in Spanish or in English. Therefore, we … suggest that in reading tests, U.S. born children of Hispanic immigrants perform better, when they are assigned to take the …

We investigate the long-term effects of households' exposure to violent conflict on children's educational attainment … educational attainment of children measured by grade point averages. Impaired non-cognitive rather than cognitive skills are … identified as channels through which exposure affects children's educational achievement. …