VMI (Vendor Managed Inventory) is a widely used cooperative inventory policy in supply chains in which each enterprise has its autonomy in pricing. This paper discusses a leader-follower Stackelberg game in a VMI supply chain where the manufacturer, as a leader, produces a single product with a...

Authenticity of ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) reports for E-commerce logistics service providers (ELSPs) is crucial to ensure the transparency and accuracy in reporting on sustainability practices. As logistics activities have a significant impact on the environment and society,...