This paper argues that where institutions are strong, actors are more likely to participate in the political process through institutionalized arenas, while where they are weak, protests and other unconventional means of participation become more appealing. This relationship is explored...

In this paper we measure and explain the levels of ideological congruence between representatives and their represented in Latin America. The ideological congruence between political parties and their voters is an appropriate indicator of the responsiveness of the rulers to the demands of the...