More than one year after the outbreak of COVID-19, fruit and vegetable markets continue to adjust to the evolving landscape. In this article, we focus on three key measures of input and output market performance that serve as indicators of the stability of fruit and vegetable markets in the...

"Hard discounters" are retail formats that set retail food prices even lower than existing discount formats, such as Walmart and Target. Offering limited assortments and focusing on store-brands, these formats promise to change the competitive landscape of food retailing. In this paper, we study...

Dollar stores have become the fastest-growing retail format in the United States. However, there is considerable controversy regarding their entry, particularly into markets without grocery stores, and concerns that dollar-store entry decisions are motivated by preemptive incentives. In this...

This note presents an intuitive interpretation and expression for pricing cash settled futures contracts. In particular, the choice of the averaging period for the underlying cash index is evaluated. A question arises as to how the choice of the averaging period may effect how the futures...