Purpose – To avoid aggregation bias by using trade data at bilateral level so that we can determine how sensitive are Britain's inpayments and outpayments to the value of the British pound. Design/methodology/approach – The method is based on the bounds testing approach to cointegration and...

Purpose – In today's increasingly globalized world, foreign direct investment (FDI) is a hotbed for discussion. Numerous studies have been undertaken regarding FDI, its determinants and benefits, but very few works provide importance to the effect of political risk on the inflow of FDI. Some...

Testing purchasing power parity (PPP) using black market exchange rate data has gained popularity in recent times. It is claimed that black market exchange rate data more often support the PPP than the official exchange rate data. In this study, to assess both the long run stability of exchange...

The autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL), even though it distinguishes between the short run and the long run effect, allows both the intercepts and slopes to vary across countries. Static panel estimations, such as fixed-effects estimation (FE), cannot distinguish between the short run...

In a recent article, with a strong theoretical argument but poor empirical support, military spending was identified to be a determinant of real exchange rate or a factor causing the PPP to deviate from equilibrium exchange rate. The poor empirical results were mostly due to a small number of...

The literature on income inequality includes many studies that have tried to identify factors such as level of economic development, rate of economic growth, population growth, resource endowment, price instability, and openness as main determinant of income inequality. In this paper, we show...