Intellectual capital (IC) became a hot topic in economic discussion at the turn of this century, believed to offer new principles which could help build the new intangible economy after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Internet revolution. The early enthusiasm of the 2000s has slightly...

Intangible knowledge capital (IKC) - technology produced by workers but not embodied in them - can offset the "middle income trap" as China exhausts the benefits of international technology transfer. IKC is productivity-enhancing among Chinese enterprises - more so in domestically owned than in...