performance, shift the entire academic performance distribution, and negatively impact both younger and older children. We provide …

performance, shift the entire academic performance distribution, and negatively impact both younger and older children. Exposure …

Lead poisoning has well-known impacts for the developing brain of young children, with a large literature documenting … outcomes of Flint public school children. We leverage parallel causal identification strategies, a between-district synthetic … control analysis and a within-Flint difference-in-differences analysis, to separate out the direct health effects of lead …

impact both younger and older children. The average treated student in our setting has an expected income reduction of $5 …