Market policies play a crucial role in facilitating the transition to a low-carbon society by restructuring the electricity market and influencing stakeholder behavior. Policymakers are concerned with how to implement these policies in terms of their intensity, combination, and timing. However,...

As a key component of the balancing market, balance settlement links the physical layer of electricity balance with financial fund equilibrium. Imbalance funds pertain to costs that emerge from the balancing settlement process and, lacking a clearly defined responsible entity, require...