and Venezuela. We find that, for a given tax rate, revenue declines over time. Therefore, in order to meet a fixed revenue … target in real terms, the tax rate needs to be raised repeatedly. However, we also find that successive increases in the tax … rate erode the tax base by more than they raise revenue yield and that the higher the increase in the tax rate, the more …

convenient tax handle during a difficult fiscal period. The paper reviews the arguments for and against this type of taxation … significant. The tax may work better in times of fiscal crisis, when financial intermediation is deep, and when the tax rate is …

and Venezuela. We find that, for a given tax rate, revenue declines over time. Therefore, in order to meet a fixed revenue … target in real terms, the tax rate needs to be raised repeatedly. However, we also find that successive increases in the tax … rate erode the tax base by more than they raise revenue yield and that the higher the increase in the tax rate, the more …

oligopoly. We find that in the short run, i.e. when the number of firms in both markets is exogenous, the results concerning tax … overshifting of both taxes is more likely to occur and is more pronounced under upstream oligopoly. As a result of this, a tax … short run while this is not true for the ad valorem tax in the long run. We show that it is normally more efficient to tax …