better measures of schools' contributions to student achievement. We show that while cross-sectional measures of school value … is a high year-to-year attrition in the student population, longitudinal measures of school value added are very robust … tends to be higher in highly "selective" (i.e. high drop-out) school environments …

overlaps with two distinct school cohorts. School-entry regulations are used as an exogenous source of variation for grade …) linearity assumptions, make it possible to account for differences in school-starting age across students who are expected to be … in different grades. On average, students’ test scores increase by about one-fifth of a standard deviation over a school …

and care, especially for immigrant children; enhance capacities of teachers and school leaders to be more responsive to … guidance; compensate for the gaps in learning environments at home through extending school hours, assisting with homework …

extent to which , national policy actors use PISA in policies and practices, to evaluate and improve school …

School systems aspire to provide equal opportunity for all, irrespective of socio-economic status (SES). Much of the … criticism of recent school reforms that introduce accountability, autonomy, and choice emphasizes their potentially negative … in school systems employing these institutional features. The rigorous micro-econometric analyses are based on the PISA …

Accountability, autonomy, and choice play a leading role in recent school reforms in many countries. This report … provides new evidence on whether students perform better in school systems that have such institutional measures in place. We … of a large set of student, family, school, and country characteristics. The student-level data used in the analysis comes …