Fly ash has been used as cementitious materials for solid waste immobilization. However, fly ash typically contains the hazardous elements Se, Cr, As, and B, and the leachability of these anions is a concern for its reuse. In this study, five amino acids were selected as models of simplified...

Structural change in basic industries is usually interpreted as an autonomous economic process. Some authors claim that there is a tendency to use the "end of the era of materials", thus resulting in a decline of the basic industries. Such a process would obviously benefit the environment....