The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the need for better tracking and monitoring domestic and international investments in health, including on pandemic preparedness. The total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD) framework can help, as it captures both cross‑border flows to...

This Working Paper summarises the main findings and recommendations of the pilot study carried out in Costa Rica as part of the development of the total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD) measurement framework. The Paper includes first approximations of TOSSD flows to Costa...

The Working Paper summarises the main findings and recommendations of the pilot study, including first orders of magnitude of TOSSD flows to Nigeria. Estimated TOSSD flows to Nigeria in 2016 amounted to approximately USD 3 billion of official development finance and USD 1.9 billion of private...

Este documento de trabajo resume los principales hallazgos y recomendaciones del estudio piloto realizado en Costa Rica como parte del desarrollo del marco de medición del apoyo oficial total al desarrollo sostenible (TOSSD). El documento incluye los flujos estimados de TOSSD a Costa Rica....

This working paper presents the main findings of the pilot study conducted in Burkina Faso in 2019 as part of the development of the statistical measurement framework for "Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD)". The pilot study includes Burkina Faso’s perspective on the...

This Working Paper presents the perspective of Indonesia on the concept of total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD), the extent of TOSSD resources provided by Indonesia and the capacity of the government to report on these resources. Indonesia broadly supported TOSSD as a...

Total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD) is a new international statistical measure that provides a complete picture of all official resources and private finance mobilised by official interventions in support of sustainable development and the SDGs. It consists of two pillars:...

This paper explores episodes of financial crises and recessions experienced by the economies in Southeast Asia: the global debt crisis and the commodity price collapse in the 1980s, the Asian financial crisis in the 1990s, and the burst of the dot-com bubble and the global financial crisis in...

This paper examines asymmetry in exchange rate dependence between domestic and foreign currencies vis-à-vis some world currencies for small inflation targeters, and find mixed evidence. Positive-type asymmetry (i.e., greater dependence during joint appreciations than joint depreciations) is...

The effects of a currency crisis on the economy depend on non-linear relations among several variables that characterize the economic, financial, legal, and socio-political structure of the country at the onset of the crisis. We seek to determine which variables are significant in explaining...