An observed positive relationship between compensation and productivity cannot distinguish between two channels: (1) an … casual labor markets in rural Malawi. A higher piece rate increases output in our setting, but does not attract more …

Incentives are essential to promote labor productivity. We implemented a two-stage field experiment to measure effects … of career and wage incentives on productivity through self-selection and causal effect channels. First, workers were … higher-performing workers than wage incentives but do not increase productivity for existing workers. Instead, wage …

gender- and age-specific values of agricultural labor return (shadow wages), we systematically analyse trends, patterns and … female youth members' agricultural labor supply is responsive to economic incentives. We investigate these using shadow wages … agricultural shadow wages matter for the youth's involvement in the sector, but their impact differs for male and female youth. The …