In November of 2007, the New York City Department of Education assigned each elementary and middle school a letter … and changes in student achievement and other school environmental factors such as attendance, and were linked to a system … and mathematics (measured in January and March of 2008, respectively) using school level aggregate data. Although schools …

school environmental factors such as attendance, and were linked to a system of rewards and consequences. We use the … school level aggregate data. Although schools had only a few months to respond to the release of accountability grades, we … cause real changes in school quality that increase student achievement over a short time horizon. We also find that parental …

In November of 2007, the New York City Department of Education assigned each elementary and middle school a letter … and changes in student achievement and other school environmental factors such as attendance, and were linked to a system … and mathematics (measured in January and March of 2008, respectively) using school level aggregate data. Despite the fact …