. Our evidence, which builds on a database that matches research institutions to a sample of their patent applications …, indicates patent applications to the European Patent Office (EPO) filed by research institutions grew faster than industry … patent applications remains low and their ratio of patents granted to applications is below that of industry. An econometric …

assess the relative importance of various alternative hypotheses in explaining the growth in patent citations to science. Our … patent-to-paper citation activity within what we call the "bio nexus" suggests that much of the contribution of knowledge …

between knowledge spillovers and innovative activities as measured by patent filings. We use university research and … reflect the diminishing influence of those expenditures as the distance from the university increases. Using patent counts to … measure the local technological innovation as our dependent variable, we test knowledge spillovers as spherical scores of …