developing nation today. We construct a "corruption and fraud index" using word counts from a large number of newspapers for 1815 … the "corruption and fraud index" is about five times its level from the end of the Progressive Era to the 1970s. If the … from a series of essays for a conference volume, Corruption and Reform: Lessons from America's History, for which this …

country level. Finally, we construct the first index of corruption in US cities and study its correlates. -- Internet … likely to be successful, we construct proxies for a number of demographic variables in the US and for corruption across … also replicate results from two separate published papers establishing the correlates of corruption at both the state and …