positive wage effect of about the same size. The wages of females are not affected by smoking and drinking. …

In this study, we examined the differences between smoking and drinking in regard to their associations with … probit models to jointly explore how smoking and drinking are related to a wide variety of socioeconomic factors. We found … that only educational attainment is consistently and negatively associated with both smoking and drinking for both genders …

explanatory variables. This approach is applied to German survey data. Our estimation results suggest that a reduction in tobacco …

explanatory variables. This approach is applied to German survey data. Our estimation results suggest that a reduction in tobacco …