Becker's theory of crime, penalties must be at least as high as expected benefits to deter crimes. For example, we start by … multiplying cartel infringement by the reciprocal of the probability of detection and punishment. When we factor in expected … personal benefits. In theory, deterrence to participate in cartel activities must be based both on the incentives of firms as a …

the fine. We analyze the effectiveness of this policy. Such a rebate does not encourage settlement negotiations that would … otherwise not occur. If, however, the parties settle without the rebate, the introduction of the reduction increases the … the rebate has no effect on the leniency applicant: she doesn't pay a fine that can be reduced. The overall effect of a …

sanctions as punishment under EC cartel law. It examines the traditional rationales of criminal punishment, demonstrating their … this deficiency should be rectified through the use of criminal punishment as reinforcement for other less controversial …