Falling exchange rates reduce the purchasing power of the dollar, increasing import prices. Higher import prices have two effects. (1) A substitution effect that shifts demand from imported to domestically produced goods. (2) An income effect that reduces the total amount of real income...

Separate investment demand functions are developed and tested for (1) plant and equipment, (2) inventory, and (3) residential housing and compared for consistency with previous studies of total investment demand. U.S. 1960 - 2000 data are tested using 2SLS with heteroskedasticity controls. Data...

This paper compares the demand for the three individual components of aggregate investment demand: (1) demand by businesses for plant and equipment, (2) business inventory investment and (3) residential housing construction. The models tested are largely based on Keynesian theories of business...

Separate investment demand functions are developed and tested for (1) plant and equipment, (2) inventory, and (3) residential housing and compared for consistency with previous studies of total investment demand. U.S. 1960 - 2000 data are tested using 2SLS with heteroskedasticity controls. Data...

This paper econometrically tests whether deficits financed by government borrowing “crowd out” business and consumer spending reductions by reducing credit availability. To test the hypothesis, the government deficit variables are added to consumption and investment models to see if they...

Using a simplified Klein/Fair structural model of the U.S. economy, estimated using 1960 – 2000 data, the paper finds that the 12.9% dollar decline 2000-2009 had a positive effect on exports, but mildly negative effects for domestically produced investment and consumer goods. It is shown that...

Heim (2010) found a strong negative relationship between deficits and private consumer and investment spending, controlling for other key variables. The study did not directly test the mechanism by which deficits were related to consumer and investment spending, only the result. Crowd out theory...

The crowd out effects of the government deficit is tested by adding it to consumption and investment models which control extensively for other factors. Effects are calculated for recession and non-recession periods, and compared to models with average crowd out, and models without crowd out....

The crowd out effects of government deficits are tested by adding deficit variables to consumption and investment models which extensively control for other factors. Separate variables are added for deficits resulting from tax cuts and spending increases. Effects are calculated for recession and...

Government deficits financed by domestic borrowing were found to crowd out private borrowing and spending by consumers and businesses, in both recession and non-recession periods. Deficits due to tax cuts had a net negative effect on GDP, because stimulus effects are smaller than the crowd out...