With the development of e-commerce, manufacturers have opportunities to sell products to consumers through direct channels in addition to independent retailers. Although manufacturers’ encroachment upon the retailing market of traditional goods has been extensively studied, there is a lack of...

(1) Background: Any disturbance in the pharmaceutical supply chain (PSC) can disrupt the supply of medicines and affect the efficiency of health systems. Due to shortages in the global pharma supply chain over the past few years and the complex nature of free trade and its limitations when...