This paper estimates that about 50 ¡V 70% of the Hong Kong-dollar currency in circulation (equivalent to about $100 ¡V 140 billion), mostly in the form of high-denomination banknotes, was being circulated outside Hong Kong at the end of 2009. The large external circulation was mainly a result...

Given the recurrence of the instability cycle and the higher probability of the economy to avoid falling into the liquidity trap if inflation is higher when a bubble bursts, then higher inflation is preferable. This paper suggests the monetary policy objective can be enhanced by shifting it from...

Inflation is mainly a monetary phenomenon, but it has important consequences on the real economy, mainly because the price system does not meet anymore its role of proper allocation of resources. In most of the developed countries, inflation started to be kept under control by the monetary...

The aim of present study is to investigate the demand and supply of money using Australian data. This paper is used a simultaneous-equation model and applying the three-stage least squares method. This paper finds that money demand is negatively associated with the interest rate and positively...

The idea that effective demand is closely connected with money supply has emerged a number of times in the history of economic thought, within approaches differing in origin and formulation. In particular, we analyse Lange and Patinkin’s theses and those of Luxemburg and the money circuit...

Chinese excessive liquidity problems are more serious than other main countries. The upgrading industrial structure and the increasing opening degree lead to the excessive money demand and higher money demand elasticity. Bad credits weaken money supply effectiveness and lead to illusive...

The spectacular rise late last year in the price of Bitcoin, the dominant virtual currency, has attracted much public attention as well as scholarly interest. This policy brief discusses how some features of Bitcoin, as designed and executed to date, have hampered its ability to perform the...

This paper develops a business cycle model with a financial intermediation sector. Financial wealth is defined as a predetermined state variable. Both, the additional sector of financial intermediaries and predetermination of financial wealth, affect the demand for real financial wealth. If real...