Given the constraints imposed by European Monetary Union membership, flexibility in the labour market is crucial for countries and regions belonging to it. The paper addresses this issue empirically and analyses real wage flexibility in Spain over the 1985-1999 period. Previous studies have...

This paper investigates the impact of trade openness on economic growth and development for a sample of 85 middle-income countries over the period 1970-2009. The paper employs non-stationary heterogeneous panel cointegration techniques that take into consideration the impact of cross-section...

Using conventional and novel techniques, the present paper analyzes the main characteristics of Chinese provincial disparities during the reform period, specifically between 1978 and 2007. After dismissing the presence of spatial dependence, three main results are obtained: first, provincial...