In an 80-country panel since the 1960s, the convergence rate for per capita GDP is around 1.7% per year. This "beta … "iron-law" rate of 2%. In the post-1960s panel, estimation without country fixed effects supports the modernization … long-term panel with country fixed effects also supports modernization, in the sense of positive effects of per capita GDP …

The goal of this paper is to undertake a panel data investigation of long-run Granger causality between electricity … consumption and real GDP for seven panels, which together consist of 93 countries. We use a new panel causality test and find that … the Middle East where causality runs only from GDP to electricity consumption. Finally, for the G6 panel the estimates …

This paper uses the panel data of energy consumption and GDP for 82 countries from 1972 to 2002. Based on the income … levels defined by the World Bank, the data are divided into four categories: low income group, lower middle income group …, upper middle income group, and high income group. We employ the GMM-SYS approach for the estimation of the panel VAR model …

African (MENA) countries over the period 1990-2010 using panel data methods. For the first specification, namely EKC, we show …