affected clean (petroleum products) and dirty (crude oil) tanker freight rates, over and above the expected macroeconomic … these products are more reliant on economic developments because of their uses. The clean tanker impact is more evident in … deviation for dirty tanker routes. Results suggest that time-charters and hedging against the stock markets can help ship …

and develop a geography-based instrument to estimate a leg-level scale elasticity. Counterfactuals opening the Arctic … in lower transport costs through scale economies by using larger ships. We build a model of endogenous entrepôt formation … incorporating route choice by exporters within a Ricardian setting. We use the model to estimate trade costs on each shipping leg …

Gulf and the Far East. We study how fluctuations in oil tanker rates, oil exports, shipowner profits, and bunker fuel … prices are determined by shocks to the supply and demand for oil tankers, to the utilization of tankers, and to the cost of … operating tankers, including bunker fuel costs. Our analysis shows that time charter rates are largely unresponsive to tanker …