Merchant energy trading companies manage conversion assets to exploit price differences across time, space, and sources of energy in the face of energy futures term structure risk. Financial hedging of this risk is standard practice. Market incompleteness, such as limited futures liquidity,...

While short videos bring a lot of information and happiness to users, they also occupy users’ time and short videos gradually change people’s living habits. This paper studies the negative effects and negative emotions of users caused by using short video platforms, as well as the users’...

We study merchant energy production modeled as a compound switching and timing option. The resulting Markov decision process is intractable. Least squares Monte Carlo combined with information relaxation and duality is a state-of-the-art reinforcement learning methodology to obtain operating...