% more likely to experience income losses than their male counterparts. Conversely, we do not find a comparable gender gap … among employees. Our results further suggest that the gender gap among the self-employed is largely explained by the fact …

This paper uses unique firm-level panel data from Japan and provides new evidence on the possible impact on gender … (WLB) practices that are developed in part to enhance gender equality as well as performance-related pay (PRP) that is one … period part-time work is found to result in a decrease in the proportion of female directors (or exacerbating gender …