Should agricultural development programs target women in order to increase productivity? This paper reviews the … extensive literature on men's and women's relative productivity in agriculture, most of which concludes that controlling for … access to inputs, plot and farmer characateristics, there are little or no gender gaps in productivity. In addition, the …

rainfall shock indices and different sets of fixed effects. We estimate about 1.156 million missing women due to differential …We link over a century of monthly precipitation data (1911–2011) to the population by gender and age at the district … effects of early-life rainfall shocks, which is about 3.01% of the total estimate of 38.46 million missing women (average over …