empirical strategy to estimate the intention-to-treat effect of this paid exemption on education and labor market outcomes of … reduction in education when we implement the same exercises with (i) data on females and (ii) placebo reform dates. The … interpretation is that the reform has reduced the incentives to continue education for the purpose of deferring military service. We …

We apply a recently proposed method to disentangle unobserved heterogeneity from risk in returns to education. We … college education cannot universally be considered an insurance against unpredictability of wages. One conclusion is …