Since the early 1990s, the importance of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) to global health has gained increased recognition. This report contains an agenda for action in response to the growing economic, social, and health problems posed by NCDs. Its objective is to enable the World Bank...

A key set of goals of primary health care (PHC) includes equity, effectiveness and affordability. By equity, we mean universal coverage and care according to need; by effectiveness, that the system has a favorable impact on mortality and serious morbidity; by affordability, that the system is...

This paper reports on a study to develop and to apply methods for measuring the quality of essential obstetric care (EOC) in health centers. Based on a Nigerian guideline and an international guideline, and in consultation with local experts in primary care obstetrics, norms were established for...

The importance of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) to global health has gained increased recognition since the early 1990s, and has been accompanied by calls for a stronger policy response. It is increasingly clear that aging populations, rising incomes, and increased exposure to risk...

This paper discusses shifts in development assistance for health (DAH) since 1990, analyses the nature of the current distribution of funding, and considers future implications. Based on Jamison et al. (1998) and Frenk and Moon (2013), we introduce an essential functions framework, which...

Background Testing for the risk factors of cardiovascular disease, which include hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolaemia, is important for timely and effective risk management. Yet few studies have quantified and analysed testing of cardiovascular risk factors in low-income and...

Background The global burden of diabetes is rising rapidly, yet there is little evidence on individual-level diabetes prevention activities undertaken by health systems in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Here we describe the population at high risk of developing diabetes,...

The prevalence of multiple age-related cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors is high among individuals living in low- and middle-income countries. We described receipt of healthcare services for and management of hypertension and diabetes among individuals living with these conditions using...