Men who have sex with Men (MSM) are currently at marked risk for HIV infection in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) in Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Estimates of HIV prevalence rates have been consistently higher among MSM than for...

Sex workers have endured a high burden of HIV infection in and across HIV epidemics. A comprehensive, community empowerment-based HIV prevention intervention emphasizes sex worker organization and mobilization to address HIV risk and often includes community-led peer education, condom...

Pakistan has made strides over the last decade in its Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) response, with active surveillance, considerable research, both governmental and non?governmental prevention and care activities, and treatment since 2005 to 2006. However, the Human Immunodeficiency...

Recent studies such as the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health have highlighted the need for expanding the coverage of services for HIV|AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, immunisations and other diseases. In order for policy makers to plan for these changes, they need to analyse the change in...

Indonesia had joined the 3 by 5"strategy to provide free antiretroviral (ARV) drugs in selected public hospitals. In Indonesia 10% of 130,000 PLWHA would be in immediate need for ART. Fifty percent of these - 6,500 PLWHA - should have received ART by end of 2005. The Government of Indonesia...

Objectives To identify the cost-effectiveness of collaborative arrangements among public and private providers to employ the Directly Observed Treatment short-course (DOTS) strategy for tuberculosis (TB) control in Indonesia.Methods Three strategies were assessed: hospital out-patient diagnosis...

Producing services efficiently and equitably are important goals for health systems. Many countries pursue horizontal equity – providing people with the same illnesses equal access to health services – by locating facilities in remote areas. Staff are often paid incentives to work at such...

This publication addresses research questions related to an increase in the levels of access and utilization for four key interventions that have the potential to significantly reduce HIV infections among People Who Inject Drugs (PWID) and their sexual and injecting partners, and hence morbidity...