The purpose of this paper is to study the dynamics of growth and convergence in Spain for the period 1965-1995. We analyse the evolution of the per capita income distribution across Spanish provinces and estimate the effects on this evolution of factors such as private, human and public capital,...

Biodiversity loss and associated economic costs are increasingly recognized as a source of financial risks. This paper explores how and to what extent Brazilian banks are exposed to the loss of biodiversity through their lending to non-financial corporates. The results suggest that such...

There is increasing recognition that climate-related and environmental risks are a source of financial risks. Using publicly available data, this paper attempts a preliminary estimation of the physical and transition risks for the banking sector in a sample of economies in Latin America and the...

Financial repression resurfaced in the wake of the global financial crisis and may become a common feature in the post Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) world. To advance knowledge and inform policy advice, this paper presents a new database on interest rate controls, a popular form of financial...

Access to finance is a key obstacle for the growth and development of small and medium-sized enterprises in fragile and conflict affected situations. This paper provides empirical evidence on the key macrofinancial and institutional drivers of financial inclusion of small and medium-sized...

This paper assesses the vulnerability of credit guarantee schemes to the physical and transition risks related to climate change. Based on unique sectoral and spatial data from 29 European credit guarantee schemes linked to a range of vulnerability metrics, the paper identifies...

Economic activity depends on a flourishing biodiversity and intact environment through the provision of ecosystem services. The depletion of these services poses physical risks for the financial sector. This paper attempts to measure the potential exposure of the banking systems in 20 emerging...