. We combine Spring 2021 state standardized test score data with comprehensive data on schooling in the 2020-21 school year …

We study the effect of school closures and the transition from on-site to on-line teaching during the Covid-19 pandemic … in the Finnish upper secondary schools. To identify the effects we exploit variation in the length of school closure …-secondary education than the students who experienced shorter school closures. Moreover, we show that inequalities across Finnish students …

second question examines how achievement gains based on the NWEA math tests during the 2020-2021 pandemic school year … compared to prepandemic and post-school-closure trends. The third question examines the variability of NWEA math test scores … during the pandemic compared to the school years before and after the 2020-2021 pandemic school year. We find that student …

coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic still raging, many education systems are still struggling, and the situation is constantly … countries and collecting data on how each system is responding to the crisis, from school closures and remote learning, to …

remote and hybrid instruction in widening gaps in achievement by race and school poverty. We find that remote instruction was …

students who volunteer for at least 3 hours per week. They were randomly assigned to middle school students, from a list of … potential beneficiaries compiled by school principals. Using original survey data collected from students, parents, teachers and …