effects of attending a more advanced track in middle school on long-term education and labor market outcomes for Germany, a … favorable long-term outcomes. We attribute this result to the up- and downgrading of students between tracks after middle school … exposure to a less advanced school environment. …

Previous research shows that, in tracked school systems, enrollment decisions are strongly associated with future … collected within the Arianna Project, an independent school track counseling service run by the municipality of a large city in … school. We show that students' enrollment intentions are very often inconsistent with their actual potential as revealed by …

PISA scores are an internationally established indicator of student and school performance. This paper builds on the … scores are associated with individual early school dropouts. It distinguishes between student and school factors and … estimates a model of the propensity to drop out from school between ages 15 and 18. The paper finds that PISA scores are a good …