Lead exposure has detrimental effects on fertility, infants, children, and adults. Despite the success in removing lead … has been given to lead's impact on fertility, infant mortality, and infant health. This paper examines the existing quasi …-experimental literature on lead and fertility, infant mortality, and infant birth outcomes, highlighting key results, methods, and …

stature and final educational attainment, later ages at marriage and lower fertility than do those in the neighbouring border …