Our modern society and economy moves toward a knowledge-based and service-oriented global world. With the increase of mobile network, mobile devices, and internet of things, many industries, including government departments, private firms, and research communities, offer more transparency...

Digitalization is frequently addressed in recent economic and social scientific literature. This paper applies a distinction to digital data (raw data) and digital technologies (including both software platforms and hardware solutions). The open data is defined as follows: it is publicly...