This study investigates how firm-level political connections (PCs) play a role in their access to bank credit. We decompose the bank loan application process into the self-selection process of firms and the selection process of banks. Using 17,249 firms from 2018‒2020 World Bank Enterprise...

This paper examines the effects of bribery on product and process innovation at the firm level in Latin American countries. We provide insights into the heterogeneous effects of bribery on the types of innovations across firms. Using the locality-sector average of bribe payments as a percentage...

Using a comprehensive dataset on unlisted firms in 22 developing countries this paper analyses the relationship between gender, microfinance and access to bank credit. Using heckprobit to control sample selection bias, we reveal evidence of discrimination against female-owned and female-led...