We assess whether motherhood could be the last hurdle to achieving gender equality in developing countries by exploring … the link between motherhood and the overall gender gap in the labor market for 14 Latin American countries over the last … the first child, we find that the arrival of the first child leads to a sharp and persistent 35% decline in mothers …

-time employment rates by 9 percentage points (+160%), household income by 10%, and mothers' earnings by 22%. The effect on full … applications, resulting in a large increase in enrollment among lower-SES families. The treatment increases lower-SES mothers' full …-time employment is largely driven by increased care hours provided by child care centers and fathers. Overall, the treatment …

) of mothers. We use variation in pre-K rules across all US states, including income eligibility requirements in some … overall maternal LFP by 2.3 percentage points. In particular, we find that mothers with the following demographic …