Global institutional investors face constraints, in the form of either external regulations or internal firm policies, with regard to investing in countries rated speculative grade. As a consequence, when a country receives (loses) its investment-grade status, a significant inflow (outflow) of...

Duverger claimed more than 50 years ago that the number of candidates in elections should be a function of electoral rules. Both his “law” and “hypothesis” suggest the number of candidates vying for seats in elections to be tightly linked to characteristics of the electoral process such...