Formal or informal institutions have long been adopted by societies to protect against opportunistic behavior. However, we know very little about how these institutions are chosen and their impact on behavior. We experimentally investigate the demand for different levels of institutions that...

We exploit testing data to gain a better understanding of the influence of framing effects on decision-making and performance when facing risk. In a randomized field experiment we modified the framing of grading instructions of multiple-choice tests. In the business-as-usual framing (BAU...