new model provides an effective method to calculate the bubble lift-off diameter in the pipe at various inclination angles … to the variations of pressures and temperatures along the pipeline. The bubble lift-off diameter is an essential … flow. This paper proposed a novel bubble lift-off diameter model based on the force-balance principle of bubbles, which …

. This deterioration generally leads to pipe breaks andleaks, which may result in reduction in the water-carrying capacity of … the pipes fromtuberculation of interior walls of the pipe. Deterioration can also lead to contaminationof water in the … maintenance decisions. Quantitative estimates of the likelihood ofpipe breaks on individual pipe segments can facilitate …

environmental impacts of one linear meter of sewer constructive solution were analysed for different pipe materials and diameters …. The impacts of the pipe materials were compared considering different lifespan periods and high-density polyethylene (HDPE …–30 % of the impact of HDPE pipes with concrete bedding. Hence, designers should focus not only on the pipe but also on the …