measured based on citizens' actual voting behavior in national referendums in Switzerland between 1987 and 2017. We exploit the …

combine it with post-referendum survey data from Switzerland. Using Heckman selection estimations to account for endogenous …One concern about direct democracy is that citizens may not be sufficiently competent to decide about complex policies … individual voting behavior, we develop a novel measure of proposition complexity (using official pre-referendum booklets) and …